Abstract
Different disciplinary, theoretical, and empirical lenses have contributed to a kaleidoscopic picture of the governance of civil society organizations (CSOs). Most of the time, CSO governance is contrasted with corporate governance in business organizations; only rarely is the broad variety of CSOs taken into account. To widen this perspective, we develop an empirically grounded typology of five discourses of organization in CSOs: managerialist, domestic, professionalist, grassroots, and civic discourse. We argue that each of these discourses gives specific answers to the three core questions of governance: To whom is the CSO accountable, i.e., who are the key actors who need to be protected by governance mechanisms? For what kind of performance is the CSO accountable? And which structures and processes are appropriate to ensure accountability? The way in which different discourses answer these questions provides us with a deeper understanding of the reasons behind the manifold notions of governance in CSOs.
Résumé
Différentes approches disciplinaires, théoriques et empiriques ont contribué à la création d’une image kaléidoscopique de la gouvernance d’une OSC (Organisation de la société civile). On oppose habituellement la gouvernance d’OSC à la gouvernance d’entreprise au sein des organisations professionnelles. Ainsi, la grande variété des OSC n’est que rarement prise en compte. Afin d’élargir cette perspective, nous développons une typologie empiriquement fondée et comptant cinq discours d’organisation dans les OSC, à savoir directorial, domestique, professionnaliste, local et civique. Notre argument est que chacun de ces discours apporte des réponses spécifiques aux trois questions essentielles de la gouvernance : À qui l’OSC doit-elle rendre compte, c’est-à-dire quels sont les acteurs clés ayant besoin d’être protégés par les mécanismes de gouvernance ? De quel type de résultats l’OSC est-elle redevable ? Et quels sont les structures et processus adéquats afin de garantir une responsabilisation ? La manière dont ces différents discours répondent à ces questions nous dote d’une compréhension plus approfondie des motifs sous-jacents aux notions multiples de gouvernance au sein des OSC.
Zusammenfassung
Verschiedene disziplinäre, theoretische und empirische Betrachtungsweisen haben ein kaleidoskopisches Bild der Governance zivilgesellschaftlicher Organisationen geschaffen. In den meisten Fällen wird die Governance zivilgesellschaftlicher Organisationen als Gegenstück zur Corporate Governance in Unternehmen dargestellt; nur selten wird die große Vielfalt zivilgesellschaftlicher Organisationen berücksichtigt. Zur Erweiterung dieser Perspektive entwickeln wir eine emprisch begründete Typologie von fünf Organisationsdiskursen in zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen: einen betriebswirtschaftlichen, einen familiären, einen professionalistischen, einen basisdemokratischen und einen bürgerschaftlichen Diskurs. Wir argumentieren, dass jeder dieser Diskurse spezifische Antworten auf die drei wesentlichen Fragen zur Governance bereithält: Wem gegenüber ist die Organisation verantwortlich, d. h. wer sind die Hauptakteure, die durch Governancemechanismen geschützt werden müssen? Für welche Art von Leistungen ist die Organisation verantwortlich? Und welche Strukturen und Verfahren sind zur Gewährleistung der Verantwortlichkeit angemessen? Die Weise, in der die verschiedenen Diskurse diese Fragen beantworten, vermittelt uns ein besseres Verständnis, warum es so viele unterschiedliche Vorstellungen zur Governance von zivilgesellschaftlichen Organisationen gibt.
Resumen
Diversos puntos de vista en los ámbitos disciplinario, teórico y empírico han contribuido con la variada gama de administración de las Organizaciones de la Sociedad Civil (OSC). En la mayoría de los casos, la administración de las OSC se compara con la gestión corporativa que se realiza en las compañías comerciales; no es común que se tenga en cuenta la gran variedad de OSC. Para ampliar esta perspectiva, hemos desarrollado una tipología con fundamento empírico de cinco discursos organizacionales en las OSC: administrativo, doméstico, profesional, de base y discurso cívico. Exponemos que cada uno de estos discursos brindan respuestas específicas a las tres preguntas principales sobre administración: Ante quién es responsable la OSC, por ejemplo: ¿Quiénes son los actores clave que deben protegerse a través de los mecanismos administrativos? ¿Por qué tipos de rendimiento es la responsable la OSC? Y, ¿qué estructuras y procesos son adecuados para asegurar la responsabilidad? La forma en que los diferentes discursos responden a estas preguntas nos proporciona un entendimiento más claro sobre los argumentos que fomentan las nociones de administración en las OSC.
摘要
关于公民社会组织(CSO)治理,人们以不同的学科、理论和经验为着眼点,构成了一幅众说纷纭的景象。大多数时候,在商业组织中,公民社会组织治理与企业治理之间泾渭分明,极少有人考虑公民社会组织的广阔差异。为了广泛阐述这一观点,我们从经验出发,将关于公民社会组织的论述分为五类:管理学家、国内、专业人士、基层群体和公民的论述。我们认为,上述每种论述都针对治理中的三个核心问题给出了自己的答案:公民社会组织对谁负责,即,哪些人是需要靠治理机制保护的主要行为人?公民社会组织对何种绩效负责?为了确保责任担当,适宜采用何种结构和过程? 不同的论述分别以各自的方式回答了上述问题,因而我们能更深入地了解,关于公民社会组织治理的观点千差万别的潜在原因。
ملخص
لقد ساهمت مختلف التخصصات ، النظريات و العدسات التجريبية في صورة حكم متلون لمنظمة المجتمع المدني (CSO). يتناقض حكم منظمة المجتمع المدني (CSO) معظم الوقت مع حكم الشركات في منظمات الأعمال، نادراً فقط مجموعة واسعة متنوعة من منظمات المجتمع المدني (CSOs) تؤخذ في الحسبان. لتوسيع نطاق هذا المنظور، وضعنا أسس تصنيف تجريبي من خمسة مناقشات في منظمة من منظمات المجتمع المدني (CSOs): إدارية عامة، داخلية، مهنية، أساسية، مناقشات مدنية. إننا نقول إن كل من هذه المناقشات تعطي إجابات محددة على الأسئلة الأساسية الثلاثة للحكم : لمن منظمات المجتمع المدني(CSO) عرضة للمحاسبة ، مثل، من هم الفاعلين الرئيسيين الذين يحتاجون إلى الحماية من خلال آليات الحكم؟ عن أي نوع من الأداء منظمات المجتمع المدني عرضة للمحاسبة ؟ والهياكل والعمليات التي هي مناسبة لضمان المساءلة؟ الطريقة التي تجيب المناقشات المختلفة على هذه الأسئلة توفر لنا فهماً أعمق عن الأسباب الكامنة وراء مفاهيم متعددة للحكم في منظمات المجتمع المدني (CSO).
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Maier, F., Meyer, M. Managerialism and Beyond: Discourses of Civil Society Organization and Their Governance Implications. Voluntas 22, 731–756 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-011-9202-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-011-9202-8