This book examines how ruling elites manage and manipulate their political opposition in the Middle East. In contrast to discussions of government-opposition relations that focus on how rulers either punish or co-opt opponents, this book focuses on the effect of institutional rules governing the opposition. It argues rules determining who is and is not allowed to participate in the formal political arena affect not only the relationships between opponents and the state, but also between various opposition groups. This affects the dynamics of opposition during prolonged economic crises. It also shapes the informal strategies that ruling elites use toward opponents. The argument is presented using a formal model of government-opposition relations. It is demonstrated in the cases of Egypt under Presidents Nasir, Sadat and Mubarek; Jordan under King Husayn; and Morocco under King Hasan II.

'For more than a decade, observers have been puzzled by the failure of the opposition in the Arab world to take advantage of timid regime liberalizations to push harder for genuine democratic reform. Now we have the answer. In this remarkable - indeed, almost unique - marriage of thorough field research in the Arab world and rigorous formal modelling, Lust-Okar explains how regimes write rules that discourage opposition groups from mobilization, even when they have the resources to do so. This book is an all too-rare treat, a work that deploys real science to illuminate real politics.'

Lisa Anderson - Columbia University

'Regimes in liberalizing countries are sometimes faced with a united and relatively cohesive opposition pushing for greater freedoms, and sometimes faced with a fragmented and divided opposition that does not take advantage of available opportunities to forge a more democratic country. What explains this important difference? Drawing on cases primarily from the Arab world, Lust-Okar uses game theory to convincingly argue how state policies fundamentally shape oppositional choices and politics. this brilliant book makes an original contribution to the debates on democratization in the Middle East and beyond. Highly recommended.'

Glenn Robinson - Naval Postgraduate School

'This is an ambitious and innovative study, offering generalizable theoretical insights that account for variance in the approach of opposition political movements to popular dicsontent and unrest. Drawing upon both the conceptual tools of analytical political science and an area specialist's knowledge of the Arab world, Lust-Okar makes the kind of scholarly contribution that is all too rare in research on the Middle East.'

Mark Tessler - University of Michigan

'By forcefully drawing attention to the ways in which heretofore neglected fomal institutions shape the strategies of incumbent opposition elites in repressive dictatorships, Ellen Lust-Okar recasts our understanding of the divergent dynamics of protest triggered by economic crisis. Making judicious use of formal models, she advances nover hypotheses about when moderate opposition elites will exploit mass discontent to press demands for political change. Detailed case studies based on extensive primary research persuasively highlight the significance of unified versus divided structures of contestation. This important book is an exemplar of methodological rigor and pluralism, one that sets an impressibley high standard for subsequent works that will build on its insights to further analyze the dynamics of contention and political liberalization in the Middle East and beyond.'

David Waldner - University of Virginia